French version here.
During the war, we lacked everything. To eat, to dress, to
move, to heat, to smoke, the rations were far from
enough. So everyone invented, in a thousand ways, with what
they could find, replacements for what the German army had
taken during the first months of the occupation.
Let's begin with flour: a farmer friend of ours gave us
some 'wheat' he had hidden; but it was necessary to grind
it! Polish coal-miners, that worked in the north for about
the last twenty years, had much experience of difficult
situations because of wars and invasions. They taught us a
lot of practical methods: How to adapt a clothes
washing-machine to be a flour-mill for example.
They also knew how to make soap, (precious!) far superior
to the market substitute (which was a so-called floating
"soap" made out of clay which was not even capable of making
bubbles). Without soap, no cleanliness, and without
cleanliness, scabies, fleas and all sorts of vermin attack
persons already weakened by hunger and deprivation. The
method was simple: take some fat (lard, margarine, even
skin of rabbit) melt with caustic soda, add some 'resin' (to
harden), some "scent" (if you still have some 'Eau de
Cologne') and pour it into a mold the shape of a bar of
soap.
In the hospitals, where soap is indispensable, surgeons did not hesitate to take from their patients (during an operation of the appendicitis for example) their excess of fat. When they woke up, no more appendix and, curiously, no more potbelly!
For smokers, to lack tobacco is a disaster. Each tried to
replace the nicotine-herb by drying all sorts of leaves and
herbs: (rhubarb, corn-beard, various green stuffs cut very
thin and "parfumed", without obtaining anything other than a
bitter smoke incapable of giving any pleasure.
To replace coffee, one had to grill barley, oats, and/or the
seed of lupins (a big flower)... Happily, with the help of
our farmer friends, we never lacked milk.
With schoolboy tools (my husband was a head-teacher) and some cream from the milk, one could, in a few minutes, obtain a small piece of butter. No need to shake a bottle for hours on end... With a (cylindrical) milk-pot full of milk-cream, the pierced disk top of a chalk-box which had exactly the size of the pot, attached to a ruler, one only had to force the cream through the holes of the top for a few minutes to obtain butter!
How to cycle without any inner-tube or tires? Polish miners
knew to manufacture solid tyres with rubber from conveyor-belt
'borrowed' from the bottom of the mine. With a bicycle, one
can get to the fields, to cultivate alfalfa, to bring it
back in a small trailer and fatten up as many as 50 rabbits!
