Pupils should be taught:

how to determine the speed of a moving object and to use the quantitative relationship between speed, distance and time;

that the weight of an object on Earth is the result of the gravitational attraction between its mass and that of the Earth;

that unbalanced forces change the speed or direction of movement of objects and that balanced forces produce no change in the movement of an object;

ways in which frictional forces, including air resistance, affect motion (eg streamlining cars, friction between tyre and road;

that forces can cause objects to turn about a pivot;

the principle of moments and its application to situations involving one pivot;

the quantitative relationship between force, area and pressure and its application (eg the use of skis and snowboards, the effect of sharp blades, hydraulic brakes).

Pupils should be taught:

that light travels in a straight line at a finite speed in a uniform medium;

that non-luminous objects are seen because light scattered from them enters the eye;

how light is reflected at plane surfaces;

how light is refracted at the boundary between two different materials;

that white light can be dispersed to give a range of colours;

the effect of colour filters on white light and how coloured objects appear in white light and in other colours of light;

that sound causes the eardrum to vibrate and that different people have different audible ranges;

some effects of loud sounds on the ear (eg temporary deafness);

that light can travel through a vacuum but sound cannot, and that light travels much faster than sound;

the relationship between the loudness of a sound and the amplitude of the vibration causing it;

the relationship between the pitch of a sound and the frequency of the vibration causing it.

Pupils should be taught:

how the movement of the Earth causes the apparent daily and annual movement of the Sun and other stars;

the relative positions of the Earth, Sun and planets in the solar system;

about the movements of planets around the Sun and to relate these to gravitational forces;

that the Sun and other stars are light sources and that the planets and other bodies are seen by reflected light;

about the use of artificial satellites and probes to observe the Earth and to explore the solar system.

Pupils should be taught:

about the variety of energy resources, including oil, gas, coal, biomass, food, wind, waves and batteries, and the distinction between renewable and non-renewable resources;

about the Sun as the ultimate source of most of the Earth's energy resources and to relate this to how coal, oil and gas are formed;

that electricity is generated by means of a variety of energy resources;

the distinction between temperature and heat, and that differences in temperature can lead to transfer of energy;

ways in which energy can be usefully transferred and stored;

how energy is transferred by the movement of particles in conduction, convection and evaporation, and that energy is transferred directly by radiation;

that although energy is always conserved, it may be dissipated, reducing its availability as a resource.